The sweep of family history across the generations
Elly worked hard to earn a living as a hat maker while Helga adapted easily at Julia Richmond High School. In the summer, they took a room in a beach town on Long Island.
In July 1940, consular officials from three nations conspired to open an escape route for Jews out of occupied France. Why did they do it?
Home from the war, Stan Ruby was a graduate student in physics at Columbia University. Helga Ringel was a smart, pretty war refugee from Berlin